Scottish Independence and the Referendum - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2980 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Independence Essay Did you like this example? A general overview of the upcoming referendum on Scottish Independence. Introduction Described as Scotlands biggest choice since 1707 (McLean et al, 2013, p. ix), the upcoming referendum on Scottish independence will provide a pivotal event for the current and future populations of Scotland as voters get the opportunity to decide whether or not they are to remain a part of Great Britain or become an independent nation. As McLean et al (2013) have referenced, 1707 was a year of major importance in Scottish history because it saw the passage of the Union with England Act by the Parliament of Scotland, thus legitimising the reciprocal Union with Scotland Act which was passed by its English counterpart the previous year (Davis, 1998). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Scottish Independence and the Referendum" essay for you Create order The Acts of Union have now stood for more than three centuries and, although there have been proposals to challenge it in recent years, this is the first time that the Scottish public have been given the opportunity to vote on the issue in a formal referendum. This essay will examine the issue of Scottish independence by providing an insight into the historical and political events that have led to the 2013 proposal to hold a referendum on the issue. It will also look in depth at the campaigns for and against Scottish independence in order to assess the approaches that each one has taken in order to sway voters towards their individual cause. This will ultimately facilitate the drawing of the conclusion that Scottish independence has the propensity to fundamentally alter the political landscape of the entire international community rather than being limited to a British and European context. However, although both campaigns relating to the referendum are fundamentally flawed, t he choice made by the Scottish people will decide the nations fate for the foreseeable future. Historical Background Although this referendum is the first in/out vote to be held in relation to Scottish independence in the 21st century, votes have previously been held over the issue of devolution. In both 1979 and 1997, Scottish devolution referendums were held with varying outcomes (Deacon, 2012). In the 1979 case, the yes vote did gain a majority but failed to attract 40% of the total electorate and therefore failed to achieve change (Dardanelli, 2006). However, in the 1997 referendum, there was clear majority support for both devolution of the Scottish Parliament, which was achieved in the Scotland Act 1998, and Parliament establishing the base rate of income tax (Dardanelli, 2006). In both instances then, there was significant support for the devolution of Scotland and important powers. As such, sovereignty has been an issue for some time, which is further reinforced by a study of cultural identity by Bechhofer and McCrone (2007). The study suggests that the Scottish people have come to feel more comfortable with the Scottish identity, with the British collective identity being weakened as a result, although it also noted that the relatively weak association between national identity, party support and views on constitutional change suggests that being Scottish is more cultural than political (Bechhofer McCrone, 2007, p. 251). According to the study, the sense of Scottishness has been growing exponentially in recent years and therefore the perceived demand for the referendum that the Scottish National Party (SNP) promised in its 2011 election manifesto (Leyland, 2013) has created a climate that is conducive to promoting and holding a vote that will decide the future of Scotland and, by extension, the UK as a whole. The immediate events that led to the referendum are established in a House of Commons (2013) report that states that the formation of the SNP majority government following elections in 2011 led to a climate that was conducive to negotiating a r eferendum for independence with the UK government, thus leading to the signing of the Edinburgh Agreement. The binding referendum that was introduced in the Agreement was then introduced formally in the Scottish Independence Referendum Bill on 21st March 2013 and the date for the vote was established as 18th September 2014 (House of Commons, 2013). It was subsequently passed on 14th November 2013 after it was agreed that the question of independence would be framed as Should Scotland be an independent country? (House of Commons, 2013, p. 5). Should the result ultimately be a yes vote then independence will occur on 24 th March 2016 (House of Commons, 2013). Although this brief timeline is heavily fact based, it provides an outline of the process that underpins the referendum at the present time and introduces a timescale for the process of achieving independence should the outcome of the referendum be a yes vote. This is of vital importance because it provides more than a year to establish the practicalities of independence and secure political links and alliances in order to create a stable nation. However, there are no official provisions in place for independence at the present time, thus rendering the political landscape an important element for analysis in a general overview of the referendum. The Political Landscape The political complexities that are attached to the referendum and indeed Scottish independence should the majority of the electorate vote yes to the established question are extensive. For example, Maxwell (2012, p. 13) raised the following political issues that would, by necessity, be asked of the government: How could Scotlands credit rating absorb the weight of Scotlands debt legacy from the United Kingdom? How could Scotland be sure it would be admitted to the European Union? How could Scotland afford to start an Oil Fund when its budget would be in net fiscal deficit? Of course, asking such questions immediately after the SNP was able to gain a majority government made it virtually impossible to offer coherent and accurate answers to these issues. However, there are certainly major concerns with the political implications of a complete Scottish divorce from Great Britain: The Scottish vote is of almost equal importance to people in the rest of the UK and to the UKs trad ing and treaty partners including the European Union (EU), the Council of Europe and NATO (McLean et al, 2013, p. ix). Although there is no suggestion that Scotland will not seek to move forward without treaties in place with any of these wider political entities, the issue is one of sovereignty and somewhat ironically mirrors the UKs wider struggle for British sovereignty with the European Union (Gifford, 2010). As such, it may provide an opportunity to negotiate and redefine boundaries with the EU but, regardless of whether that opportunity does present itself, ministers will negotiate for an independent Scotland and therefore will be doing so with a view to achieving the best agreement for the individual country. Leading on from the issue of sovereignty, there have been political moves towards preparing for an independent political nation within Scotland. For example, on 16th June 2014 a draft Constitution has been released by the SNP so as to establish the parameters of sovereignty. The drafting of a Constitution for an independent Scotland has also gone some way to addressing some of the political issues that surround the referendum. For example, upon its release to the media, ministers highlighted its nationalist sentiment: Sturgeon said enshrining the sovereign will of the people gave legal meaning to the nationalists major complaint about the structure of the UK, where parties without a mandate from Scottish voters could make laws which affected them (Carrell, 2014). However, the draft Constitution also stressed its adherence to both European and international law (Carrell, 2014), thus suggesting that the SNP are committed to ensuring that political links are formed with the European Union in order to prevent its isolation in the wake of independence from the Westminster political structures. Indeed, the Yes Campaign has addressed this issue on its website, stating that Scotland already is part of the EU so there is no doubt that we me et all the requirements for membership, and with our energy and fishing resources it is clearly common sense, and in the interests of the EU, that Scotlands place in the EU continues seamlessly (Yes Scotland, 2013). This anticipated seamless transition into an independent member state of the EU is highly complex with further facets addressed by the Yes Campaign in its white paper for an independent Scotland. As such, it is necessary to take a closer look at the campaign and the arguments made within it. The Yes Campaign The Yes Campaign, which is also known as Yes Scotland, is the campaign established to project the side of the argument in favour of independence and is therefore promoting issues that suggest that Scotland would be better off as a sovereign nation. For example, a recent article that appeared on the campaigns website stressed the importance of Scottish sovereignty for the future of the nation. Gilmartin (2014) stated that Scotlands young people want to secure the best possible prospects for the future, but we dont yet have the powers we need in Scotland to create more jobs and opportunities for the younger generation here. This taps into the general belief that the Westminster government is removed from the people of Scotland, is unelected by them and therefore does not represent their best interests (McLean et al, 2013). In establishing a statement of need, this is designed to appeal to the generation of voters who would essentially have to endure the consequences of the outc ome and would therefore underscore the need to cater for their own futures. The campaign is not just limited to targeting specific groups of voters who are likely to turn out though. Instead, it provides a multifaceted appeal that covers a whole range of interests and specifically Scottish issues. For example, the draft Constitution incorporates environmental protection issues, the needs of the Scottish islands, the safeguarding of children and the determination of income tax levels (Carrell, 2014). As such, it has been founded upon issues that are important to the Scottish people and therefore stresses the best interests of the nation. However, the Yes Campaign has been the target of extensive criticism as a direct result of its links to the SNP, with Jacobs (2012) highlighting fears within other Scottish political parties that suggested that the Yes Campaign would be an SNP vehicle and therefore a political tool to secure power. Although this is based upon speculation and perception rather than fact, the SNP rhetoric is inextricably linked to the campaign as a direct result of its 2011 manifesto and commitment to holding the referendum so as to achieve Scottish independence. As such, this criticism has remained salient throughout. In addition, there has been criticism of some of the claims made by the campaign and politicians who support it. For example, Riley-Smith (2014) drew attention to criticism of the claims that Scotland would be wealthier than the UK after independence: Prof John Kay, formerly on the First Ministers Council of Economic Advisers, said it was a mistake for voters to think claims of an independent Scotland being one of the worlds wealthiest nations would mean more cash in their pockets. He warned that using GDP as a measure fails to reveal how much money bypasses locals by going straight to foreign companies Such sweeping statements are misleading and would provide a false premise for economic conditions after indepe ndence should the electorate choose to favour the yes vote. It also provides an inaccurate view of the state of the Scottish economy at the present time and how it would benefit the population. However, this is one of many issues that have been addressed by the No Campaign. The No Campaign The No Campaign, which is also known as the Better Together campaign, has largely been based upon the premise that Scotland enjoys major advantages because it is a part of the UK and it is likely to lose them should it choose independence. For example, the campaign points to the UKs rebate, which is worth  £135 per household, as a major benefit of membership of the UK that would be lost should it seek to renegotiate with the EUs leadership in the wake of the referendum (Better Together, 2013). It has also raised questions about the principles behind the Yes Campaign, such as its determination to retain Sterling as the currency of choice rather than joining the Euro (Scottish Government, 2013). For example, it has pointed out that there is no guarantee that Scotland will be able to remain a member of the EU if independent and neither can the government guarantee that it would not have to adopt the Euro should negotiations prove successful (Darling, 2014). As such, it challen ges the hypothetical measures that the Yes Campaign has drawn attention to. It also questions the assertion that Scotland would be economically better off alone, with notable pro-UK figures highlighting that Scotland is still in economic recovery and is ill-equipped to compete in global markets on an equal footing with the UK let alone other nations (Scotland Now, 2014). However, Maxwell (2012) undermines the credibility of the figures used to draw such conclusions, stating that the data on which the No Campaign has assessed the prospects for the Scottish economy is fundamentally flawed. He states that the GERS (Government Expenditure and Revenue in Scotland) reports on which figures are based often utilise data that is two years old and therefore carries a warning about its accuracy in order to highlight the fact that major discrepancies may exist. Similarly, the Better Together campaign has been accused of failing to appeal to working people, who are now switching their vote s to the Yes Campaign, in recent months (McAngus, 2014) and so will need to strategically rethink their appeal if it is to succeed in ensuring that Scotland remains a part of the UK. Conclusions In conclusion, this detailed but general overview of the Scottish independence referendum that is to be held in September 2014 effectively highlights the historical and political background to the vote, the political implications that could arise from a vote for independence and the nature of the campaigns that have been launched for both sides of the argument. Taking the political landscape first, the analysis does identify significant issues that must be resolved if there is ultimately a yes vote, particularly the nations membership of the European Union and international organisations like NATO. However, it is impossible for the government to be able to answer all questions related to these issues while the advent of independence is still hypothetical. No agreements can be put in place until after the referendum and so, although these problems must be considered in advance and proposals and contingency plans put forward, no negotiations can take place until afterwards. Thi s also goes some way to explaining why the campaigns for and against Scottish independence are flawed to a degree. The debate is currently based upon perceptions, opinions and data that is several years old so it is no wonder that the issues being discussed are so contentious and spark strong feelings from both sides. Both campaigns are well organised and offer salient points but their ability to influence the vote will only be measured following the referendum. In short, the general overview of the referendum for Scottish independence to date is multifaceted and highly complex but it is also able to conclude that it will alter the political landscape of the entire international community rather than being limited to a British and European context. Relations with Scotland will change based on its own sovereignty rather than its dependence on Westminster if the electorate votes for independence. However, no matter what the outcome, the likelihood is it will be this generations final opportunity to determine Scotlands future and so no vote should be taken lightly. Bibliography Bechhofer, F. McCrone, D., (2007). Being British: A Crisis of Identity? The Political Quarterly, 78:2, pp. 251-260. Better Together, (2013). The EU. Better Together. [Online] Available at: https://bettertogether.net/the-facts/entry/eu-membership [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Carrell, S., (2014). SP Publishes Draft of First Constitution for an Independent Scotland. The Guardian. [Online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/16/scottish-constitution-first-draft-issued-nicola-sturgeon [Accessed 16 June 2014]. Dardanelli, P., (2006). Devolution: Between Two Unions. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Darling, A., (2014). Leave the UK, Leave the UK Pound. Better Together. [Online] Available at: https://www.bettertogether.net/blog/entry/leave-the-uk-leave-the-uk-pound . [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Davis, L., (1998). Acts of Union: Scotland and the Literary Negotiation of the British Nation, 1707-1830. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Deacon, R., (2012). Devolution in the United Kingdom. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Gifford, C., (2010). The UK and the European Union: Dimensions of Sovereignty and the Problems of Eurosceptic Britishness. Parliamentary Affairs, 63:2, pp. 321-338. Gilmartin, K., (2014). Young People Have the Most to Gain From Independence. Yes Scotland. [Online] Available at: https://www.yesscotland.net/news/young-people-have-most-gain-independence [Accessed 17 June 2014]. House of Commons (2013). International Development Committee: Implications for Development in the Event of Scotland Becoming an Independent Country. London: The Stationary Office. Jacobs, E., (2012). Yes Scotland Campaign in Chaos as Fears Spread of an SNP Hijack. Left Foot Forward. [Online] Available at: https://www.leftfootforward.org/2012/06/yes-scotland-campaign-in-chaos-as-fears-spread-of-an-snp-hijack . [Accessed 15 June 2014]. Leyland, P., (2013). Referendums, Popular Sovereignty and the Territorial Constitution. In R. Rawlings, P. Leyland A. Young eds. Sovereignty and the Law: Domestic, European and International Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 145-164. Maxwell, S., (2012). Arguing for Independence: Evidence, Risk and the Wicked Issues. Berwick: Luath Press. McAngus, C., (2014). Better Together Campaign Creates a Strategic Dilemma for Scottish Labour. London School of Economics and Political Science. [Online] Available at: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/better-togethers-create-a-strategic-dilemma-for-scottish-labour . [Accessed 17 June 2014]. McLean, I., Gallagher, J. Lodge, G., (2013). Scotlands Choices: The Referendum and What Happens Afterwards. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Riley-Smith, B., (2014). Alex Salmonds Ex-Economic Adviser Criticises Claim at Heart of Poster Campaign. The Telegraph. [Online] Available at: https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scottish-independence/10771192/Alex-Sal monds-ex-economic-adviser-criticises-claim-at-heart-of-poster-campaign.html [Accessed 17 June 2014] Scottish Government, (2013). Scotlands Future: Your Guide to an Independent Scotland. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government. Scotland Now, (2014). Independence Referendum: Harry Potter Author JK Rowling Shows Her Support for Better Together Campaign. Scotland Now. [Online] Available at: https://www.scotlandnow.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/harry-potter-author-jk-rowling-3673783 [Accessed 17 June 2014]. Yes Scotland, (2013). Will Scotland be in the European Union? Yes Scotland. [Online] Available at: https://www.yesscotland.net/answers/will-scotland-be-european-union [Accessed 17 June 2014].

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It is asked whether the prostration of Leisure Net was the consequence of Peter Gardener and Rodney Mitchel were they entirely to fault, or the inability of the board of managers to place and halt these two work forces. Many criticize the events environing whistle blower Wendy Addison, saying it was non her exclusive duty to expose the corruptness of these two persons. The South African concern requires all concerns act and follow the highest of codification of behaviors and moralss to advance itself to future investors. Cases like Leisure Net harm South African concern image, as their actions could hold possible scared off possible investors. This survey will expose the deceitful activity and impractical internal controls of Leisure Internet. The Problems It is usual for wellness nines to roll up money by agencies of debit orders. 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The Roswell Incident Persuasive Essayhypertext transfer protocol: //www.nomuraholdings.com/investor/cg/intcon.html hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mango.org.uk/guide/icexamples hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iol.co.za/news/crime-courts/leisurenet-whistleblower-speaks-out-1.1460904 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.leisure-net.org hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aabschools.com/case_studies/424.html Ethical CHALLENGES IN SOUTH AFRICAN BUSINESSES The existent job with the subject of concern moralss is non merely the cost of being caught or punished but the impact on the perceptual experience of the company. Awareness is increasing. But research suggests that many concerns have a conformity attack to pull offing moralss – it’s about clicking boxes – it does non interpret into existent desired behaviour.† The ethical jobs I am traveling to talk about are Nepotism, Corruption, Sexual Harrasment and Illegal Strikes. 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Sexual Harrasment Sexual torment is identified as unwanted behavior of a sexual nature.Sexual torment in the workplace is inexcusable. It is the employer ‘s duty to guarantee that policies and processs are followed in order to halt sexual torment in the workplace. Employees need to be able to place Acts of the Apostless of sexual torment so that the necessary action may be taken to extinguish this. Employers should develop and implement policies and processs that will take to the creative activity of workplaces that are free of these patterns Illegal Strikes Management must walk the talk if there is to be a alteration in concern moralss

Math Strategy for Sixth Grade Students Essay Sample free essay sample

Grade school Math is considered as a hard topic by the students. particularly a sixth-grader math because this would be their foundation as they progress to high school. So instructors have to happen ways to do their Math category interesting to their pupils because since it is a hard topic. the pupils who find it difficult to grok the capable affair would no longer make some ways to better their failing. But the duty does non truly trust on the pupils themselves but chiefly to the instructors. So as a effect. better instructional schemes should be made inside the schoolroom so that things would be easier for the students to grok. One of the instructional schemes that could be applied by the instructor is by talking while promoting the pupils to take down notes and composing what they feel. ( â€Å"Journaling Strand Overview† ) Taking down notes need effort and continuity. but if they do take down notes. We will write a custom essay sample on Math Strategy for Sixth Grade Students Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page their cognition in Math will be increased as they discover the ways to form their thoughts in work outing jobs in math. Another instructional scheme is the is the group work. ( Bochert ) Group work must be something that the students have discussed in their category. Group work lets the pupil participate in the category because it is a agency of allowing the pupils understand in their ain ways the subjects. Another is Panel treatment. ( Bergquist. 1975 ) In panel treatment. there will be a leader who opens and recapitulates the treatment. but the treatment is in an educational manner. This is a technique to promote concentration of the students in math and thought of how each job can be solved. and it besides incites better treatment. Some other includes encephalon storming and image devising. ( Bergquist. 1975 ) Picture doing utilizing charts and illustrations can assist the pupil to let go of thoughts and appreciate political orientation. Brain storming is besides an effectual manner in instructional scheme because students can unite all their thoughts to work out a given job. Brain storming helps emancipate in a student his or her potencies by believing of thoughts in Math. Mentions Bergquist. W. H. P. . S. R. ( 1975 ) . Geting Students involved in the schoolroom [ Electronic Version ] from file transfer protocol: //ftp-fc. Sc. egov. usda. gov/NEDC/isd/classroom_structures. pdf. Bochert. A. Instructional Strategies [ Electronic Version ] from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. personal. Kent. edu/~abochert/html/strategies. hypertext markup language. Instructional Systems Design ( ISD ) – Measuring the Relevant Characteristics of Learners [ Electronic Version ] from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. nedc. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. usda. gov/isd/isd2. hypertext markup language. Journaling Strand Overview [ Electronic Version ] from hypertext transfer protocol: //www2. ups. edu/community/tofu/lev1f/jourframe. htm.

Chapter 12 Review essays

Chapter 12 Review essays Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology Chapter one of our text begins by discussing psuedoscience, or as the authors call it "psychobabble". Basically they discuss how it is common that people are often misled by false psychology in our culture and quite often in the media. The authors compare and contrast true psychological practices with psuedopsychology, which often lacks true evidence and proper methods of research and information retrieval. I was glad to see that the authors discussed this topic and clarified the difference between "psuedopsychology" and genuine psychology. It was very helpful to have clarification of what is genuine and what is not within the field of psychology. The remainder of chapter one discusses two other topics, Critical Thinking and the history of psychological practices. Critical thinking is an evolving process, which one uses to come to a reasonable logical conclusion. It is imperative that Psychologists use Critical Thinking when coming to a conclusion regarding the matter at hand. This section on Critical Thinking provides the reader with a good base to begin thinking Psychologically and it is very helpful in allowing one to come to an unbiased conclusion. This section was helpful in describing to the reader how psychologists reason and come to logical conclusions in their field of work. The history of Psychological practices was the section of chapter one that I least enjoyed. This was mostly due to the fact that I was already aware of most of the information that was provided. However it is important that people realize how the field of Psychology has developed and it's different methods, so this chapter served the purp ose of providing this information. Chapter 2: How Psychologists do Research The second chapter of our text covers the topic of how Psychologists go about obtaining results from their research. This chapter discusses the various methods and practices that Psy ...

Expression in architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expression in architecture - Term Paper Example Drafting also gets referred to as technical drawing. It involves the process through which a mechanical engineer creates and designs instructions for manufacturing components (David & Madsen, 2011). Drafting can get carried out through a hand drawing scheme or a computer assisted model that will show the required steps to manufacture a component and also the required materials as well as the assembly notes. Through the use of computer added design tools, drafters get to make plans for almost everything from tiny electronic equipment to building constructions. Drafting gets used in almost all branches of engineering, as well as architecture (David & Madsen, 2011). To create construction drawings, architects employ the use of computer aided design and drafting tools. Drafters specialize in the creation of technical drawings and plans that get used by architects to build structures and other objects. As a mechanical engineer who specializes in drafting and design, one can get employed in various industries such as architectural and engineering firms, transportation equipment manufacturing and machinery manufacturing (David & Madsen, 2011). These industries provide a diverse work environment for individuals. This gets to be so since working as an engineer requires one to interact with other professionals such as engineers, surveyors, and or architects. Such a work environment requires for the drafter to have a good interpersonal skill as part and parcel of his or her personal attribute. My aim is to work as an aeronautical engineer where I will specialize in design and drafting. Work as an aeronautical drafter revolves around preparation of engineering drawings, which get to detail plans and specifications for the manufacture of aircrafts and their parts. Getting employed in an aeronautical firm as a drafter, an individual gets to work in an office setting for most periods of time. Such offices need to be comfortable and furnished

History of Art and Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

History of Art and Design - Essay Example This write up gives an account of the plan of the house and activities that were carried out there. The Romans valued space in relation to setting up buildings that they would use for various purposes such as rituals. This would be compared to the design of the temple together with the forum within the Roman Empire. The Romans participated in various rituals that required people to come together in spacious structures. This meant that every structure considered space aspects when being constructed because ritual activities were to be performed in such a setting (Clarke, 1991, 65). The houses were built based on a public perspective. This meant that enough space was provided within the house for visitors and even those uninvited. These houses formed the focal point of activities that would be political, social and even business related. The houses were also decorated, and this revealed the minds and perceptions of the ancient Romans. This is the place that served as the meeting point for people in which they would discuss different issues that would be political, economic or even social. In the context of the roman houses, the domus is valued because of its importance in the ancient period. Those who made plans for its construction were required to ensure that its spaces had proper proportions. The domus had party walls on its flanks and was structured in a way that ensured that a back area was enclosed in it (Tang, 2005, 20). In addition to this, its main opening to the outside was located on the street front and formed an entryway. The houses above also had fauces that marked the axis from the point of entry which was long and narrow. The central part of the roof was also designed to allow rainwater to flow from the top to the basin below the impluvium. The compluvium was within the central space and served as a source of light to the atrium and those that would be found within it. The domus being the most common structures within this setting served to hold s alutationes activities. The domus held that paterfamilias, patrons of paterfamilias and the extended family. This was in regard to social and economic reasons that were far beyond the immediate family. This formed the clientela which was composed of relatives who did not have paterfamilias status and included slaves, freemen and other people who made daily salutationes guarantee their economic and political safety. Part two Byzantine churches Byzantine architects based their drawing on Roman temple features that were widely known within Italy. For instance, they combined ideas that were used to construct the basilica and other central-plan religious structures. This resulted on a structure with a square, central mass that had four arms of equal size. The most striking feature in these structures was the domed roof above the square area. The dome shape was suspended above the square by arches on each of the corners of the square, and this resulted into an octagon shape which would be referred to as a pendentive. These structures were characterized by towering spaces and luxurious decorations. In addition, this, marble columns, mosaic, inlay and inlaid stone pavements were also incorporated within this setting. These structures are believed to have extended in Christian East and other places such as Russia (Gagarin & Elaine, 2010, 443). The interior of the structures incorporated mosaic aspects, paintings and other arts. For instance, the painting was based on devotional panels. This was because the cult of icons was

Final research paper. ( packaging) Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Final . ( packaging) - Research Paper Example The idea of packaging is fundamentally defined as an amalgamation of science, technology and art that is mainly executed for protecting the various products during the phase of distribution, sales and storage. Its ultimate target is to diminish various ecological wastes along with preserving major environmental resources by utilizing the diverse constituents of packaging such as the factors of reusing, recycling and reducing. All these significant elements of packaging generally work together for the intention of reducing along with preserving various ecological wastes and resources respectively (Levy, 2000). The paper broadly aims towards a clear and deeper understanding regarding one of the sustainable environmental issues related to packaging along with the several disadvantages that it poses to the environment as well as business organizations. Furthermore, the aspect of innovation in environmental aspect of packaging will also be portrayed in the discussion. The factor of packaging imposes adverse effects upon the environment through number of significant reasons. The most important fact is that it is generally not biodegradable and as a result it contributes largely towards releasing greenhouse gases that eventually leads towards causing global warming. It has been observed that every product along with the production system and packaging possess certain unfavorable consequences upon the environment. It generally exhausts the natural resources and contributes largely upon creating significant quantity of wastes (Marsh & Bugusu, 2007). In this connection, for the purpose of defending the environment, it is very much essential to look into the matter that the wastes are kept at a minimum level during designing as well as packaging the products. Moreover, it is also very much necessary to recycle and to make best possible use of the waste materials that might help in money saving along with safeguarding the environment by a

Using Body Language In English Teaching English Language Essay

Using Body Language In English Teaching English Language Essay Introduction At present, almost everyone knows that language learning, especially English learning, becomes more and more important to the students. Students often learn English through the classroom teaching, namely teachers education. Due to the disadvantages of traditional English teaching, teachers need to reform the teaching methods to arouse the students interest in English and help them to learn better. There are many useful and proper methods to get the goal and one of them is using body language. What is body language? Body language or nonverbal communication is a communication without words. It refers to patterns of facial expressions gestures that people use to express their feeling in communication. In school education, body language plays a positive role in cultivating the students characters for teachers are usually imitated by the students. In a word teachers graceful and lively body language helps to improve students artistic appreciation and moral character and it is necessary and important for the teachers to use the proper, vivid, dramatic and even exaggerated movements to teach the abstract knowledge. Thus the students will improve a lot from teaching. As a result, the students interest and the effect of teaching are greatly improved. So it is necessary to use body language in teaching. English teaching is a key part of the school education. Generally, traditional English teaching considers teachers as a center, book learning as a standard and examination handling as the only goal. Thus the study interest and desire of the students are greatly depressed. Therefore, we must make and carry out reforms in education. We need reforms. With the English teaching methods reform, more and more teachers pay much attention to the importance of using body language in school teaching. And according to the students present level and practical situation, body language is also required. The use of body language is a useful method in English teaching. In the classes, if teachers use it properly the students attention can be attracted and the teaching quality can be improved. The use of gestures and facial expressions of teachers in the teaching process is important they will help teachers express their own ideas and thoughts accurately and lively. According to the students, the use of body language will help them keep firmly in mind the knowledge obtained in class. Body language contains facial expressions, eyesight, movements, and so on and even cloth. Facial expressions-in the teaching process, teachers provide the students with messages through their own facial expressions. In the process of class exchange, teachers express their affection; optimism and deep confidence to the students. The students will feel warm and become active. The facial expressions of teachers in English teaching should change along with the changing of class contents and teaching circumstances. Also teachers delight, anger, sorrow and joy should appear in at the right moment, infect the students to make them have the feeling of delight and sorrow at the same time. They cant take their own passive morals into the classrooms. Eyesight- eyes are the windows of heart. Through the window, teachers transmit information which cant be expressed by verbal language to the students. An excellent teacher should have a pair of eyes which can speak. S/he should be good at using eyes to transmit messages, exchange feelings, express attitudes and carry on teaching. If a teacher stared angrily at the students who didnt concentrate his attention nor did some petty actions in classes, the students would restrain himself consciously. When a student didnt answer a question for a long time because of his shame of making mistakes, an encouraging eyesight from his teacher would make him become more confident than before. Movements the main movement is gestures. Gestures are the most important part of body language. The English teaching in classes focuses on communication activities. Dull and dry communication will make students produce detestable feeling but lively, vivid, even exaggerated actions and gestures can enliven the teaching circumstances, making the activities go off without a hitch. If the teacher gives a balls shape through his hands, then performs the action of shooting a basket when teaching the word basketball, all of the students can guess the meaning of it. When the teacher teaches the verb, it will be more accurate to do a simple gesture o the students than teachers repeated explanation. And the students can remember it with a deep impression. Patting up ones thumb expresses Ok and Great. And nodding shows Yes and shaking ones hand shows No. These are all in common use. According to school students, distinctive figures will greatly influence their thoughts. Therefore, the use of body language in schools teaching is helpful in students understanding and memory. Then with the limitation of the use of mother language, the students will be studying in a good environment. The use of lively and vivid body language in English teaching can fully arouse the students study interest and joining enthusiasm. More importantly, the whole teaching process will become the communication activities of language in the scenes with the true teaching contents. At the same time, when the students suffer setbacks and become disappointed, when the students make mistakes because they are self-willed and troublesome, when the students lack confidence in themselves because of their sense of inferiority and timid, and when they make progress through their hardworking, if teachers can use different body language properly or use their eyesight to give some hints to them, or use mo vements to assist and establish a special emotion and atmosphere to go on an exchange from heart to heart, then the students will appreciate it. At that time, they will achieve the best teaching effect in classes. From all the above, we find that body language plays a positive role in the English teaching. Body language has strong characteristics in images and informative functions. It can make the abstract things become specific. In brief, English subjects are not like other subjects. English subjects have not an atmosphere, so teachers teachers should do their best to reduce their use of Chinese (local/mother tongue) in classes. Then body language will become the main medium through which teachers and students communication with each other. The influences of teachers body language on the students are reflected not only by establishing a good example, but also by shortening the teacher-student estrangement by which a more harmonious studying atmosphere is created. In the English teaching, body language needs to be used frequently so as to improve the teaching effect and the students ability. In conclusion, practice makes perfect. Learning English needs practice. The 45 minutes in class is very precious and should be cherished during which the students should practice as much as possible. To make the full use of the limited time, teachers are required to adopt some effective methods. At the same time, the recent educational reforms, the students present level and the practical situation like their limitation of vocabulary requires teachers to simplify their teaching language with the help of facial expressions, eyesight, body movements, namely body language. The use of body language can not only attract the students attention, but also deepen their impression and imagination. The use of body language is completely up to the standard of audio-visual teaching principle, so teachers should try to teach in English from the beginning to the end, together with the corresponding body language. Therefore, we should realize the necessity and importance of using proper and vivid bo dy language in teaching English. So teachers should use body language in school English teaching and try their best to use it in classes. In the end, the students ability of English will be certainly and greatly improved.

A Seperate Peace :: essays research papers

In John Knowles book A Separate Peace he communicates how the war in him was taking its toll on him. He uses the characters in a complicated plot to show the destructive forces of war. The characters, Gene and Finny, are the opposing forces in a struggle between the reality of war (World War II) and a separate peace. A peace away from the real war and the awful things that come from it. Through their relationship, which is a struggle on both sides, Knowles establishes the reality of war through a relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gene Forrestor is established as the force of reality. This idea is established clearly in a speech Gene gives as the narrator of the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Everyone has a moment in history which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person â€Å" the world today† or â€Å"life† or â€Å"reality† he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever.† (Knowles, 32)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This statement explains that Gene must have something that is his â€Å"stamp†. This stamp defines an individual standing up for something he believes in. The next paragraph shows that this is true where Gene continues, â€Å"For me, this moment-four years is a moment in history-war the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still live and think in its atmosphere.† (Knowles, 32) Later in the same paragraph he goes on to say: â€Å"America is not, never has been, and never will be what the songs and poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel are rare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easy to earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn’t very much to buy. The war will always be fought very far away from America and it will never end. Nothing in America stands still for very long, including the people, who are always either leaving or on leave.† (Knowles, 32) This is what Gene stands for in the book A Separate Peace. Gene appears to understand the reality of war and how it affects people. Throughout the entire story Gene is used to bring the destructive reality of war into everyday life at Devon High School where there is an attempt to create and exist in a separate peace.